Types of Copper and Properties. EPA as antimicrobial. 1. Copper and its alloys exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance to moisture, saltwater, and a variety of chemicals. B514-05(2019) Standard Specification for Welded Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Pipe . Copper Alloys. In its age hardened condition, Alloy 25 attains the highest strength and hardness of any commercial copper base alloy. 025 mm/y) or less, and for the copper-nickel alloys on the order of 0. 3 –Fe 3. History of Copper. Alloy 10. 08-cmCopper/Copper Alloys Safety Data Sheet According To Federal Register / Vol. 09. It contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Because of the addition of the sulfur, 303 alloy has improved machinability compared to 304 alloy. Brass works as an alloy because copper and zinc are close to one another in the periodic table and have atoms of roughly similar size. Sn60Pb40 No Clean Solder Wire 4870–4877. A. The C19210 (F) alloy presents a low resistance in comparison with the other copper alloys used. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. Brass, for example, is a substitution alloy based on copper in which atoms of zinc replace 10–35 percent of the atoms that would normally be in copper. Copper was the base material due to its ability to function as. Cast Copper Alloy Threaded Fittings: Classes 125 and 250 ISBN: 9780791833834 - Pag:40 This Standard covers cast Class 125 and 250 copper alloy threaded pipe fittings with provisions for substituting wrought copper alloys for plugs, bushings, caps, and couplings in small sized sizes. 1 M, 0. The wide variety of textures and colors available with copper alloys provide architects with an almost limitless palette of visual effects. Comparable generic products are generally referred to simply as OF copper. This Standard includes: (a) pressure-temperature ratings Publisher Summary. OF Copper (C101) OF copper is a 99. C10300. Base metals are any nonferrous (they contain no iron) metals that are neither precious metals nor noble metals. Oxx. Offered in round, square, and rectangular shapes. It. Material Description Beryllium alloys are the most common form of beryllium product, accounting for an estimated 75% of the total U. The microstructure of the single phase brass alloys, with up to 32% zinc, consists of a solid solution of zinc and alpha copper. 5 and 1. Figure 9 34 demonstrates the galvanic series of different commercial alloys in flowing seawater. If the amount of chlorides decreases. 22mm – 3″ square. 43%), zinc (7. 1/8″ – 9″ diameter. %) and their UNS (Unified Numbering System) code. The as-cast structure of the low zinc brasses consists of alpha dendrites. 61 shipping. The Copper Development Association Inc. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity as a building material. Due to its effectiveness as an electrical conductor, copper is now most. 4 +/- 0. coli O157 at both temperatures, and the lowest copper content to eliminate E. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. In variety of uses, the alloys of copper surpass all other nonferrous alloys and comprise mixtures of copper with zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, lead, manganese, and other. e. % Zr alloy) is the state-of-the-art material used to make the liner in engines such as RS-25 and RS-68. 2 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE- 110 ALLOY (25 PACK). g. A List of Base Metals. Main alloying elements in CuCrZr alloy were 0. Leaded Coppers. 9 kg/dm 3) and is 8. Sterling silver is commonly used for plating and in the jewelry industries. The conductivity of copper alloy strip metals is measured relative to a standard bar of "pure" copper that was long ago assigned a value of 100. 8) — and a. 025 mm/y) or less, and for the copper-nickel alloys on the order of 0. It is easily mixed with other metals to form alloys such as bronze and brass. The cast, high-strength alloys have. However, iron is corrosive, as it oxidizes when in the presence of water and oxygen to form rust. 2 Use—The alphanumeric code is used to. The alloy elements are added to copper with the purpose to improve its resistance, ductility and thermal stability, without causing considerable damages on its form, electric and thermal conductivity and resistance to the corrosion, typical characteristic aspects of pure copper. First, the alloy must be solution annealed so that theThe microstructure of the as cast copper lead alloys consists of pure alpha copper dendrites, with lead globules in the boundaries between the dendrites. Copper can shape alloys with a wider variety of alloying elements than other metals, resulting in the alloys. F. Brass is a copper alloy with zinc as the. These property models are needed to simulate the mechanical behavior of structures with. Nickel silver: 20% Zn by weight, it's used for its shiny silver appearance in jewelry, silverware, model train tracks, and musical instruments. Pure copper is purple-red, also known as red copper. 93 kg/dm 3 at 20 °C) varies only slightly with increasing nickel content (density of nickel at 20 °C = 8. Intended primarily for use on outdoor architectural metal work, it preserves the natural colors of copper and its alloys for long periods (1. C18200 Chromium copper alloy is a versatile material with a broad range of applications. More than 2,800 artifacts have been recovered from the site, including a ship's bell with a date of 1498, an important copper-alloy disc marked with the royal coat of arms of Portugal and the "esfera armilar"(armillary sphere) - a personal emblem of King Manuel I, and an extremely rare silver coin known as the "INDIO", first minted in 1499 by. They are available in the form of bar, rod and plate. The MRSA "superbug" is a virulent bacterium resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics and, therefore, very difficult to treat. It offers high conductivity, good ductivity and strength. , 2. , Inc. This range is representative of practically all of the copper alloys used for connector springs. Size Range. Pure Cu is well known to have excellent electrical conductivity but rather low strength. Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. Their thermophysical properties play an important role in casting processes and are required as input data for casting simulation. 5% lead. 2-2. It is a form of bronze with a higher tin content, usually in approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (typically, 78% copper, 22% tin by mass). It has 38% copper, 17. This is a list of copper alloys or alloys in which copper is usually the base metal. Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper) Duralumin (copper, aluminum) Magnalium (aluminum, 5% magnesium) Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum) Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals) Silumin (aluminum, silicon) Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper) Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum. 9 kg/dm3 for all Cu-Ni alloys specified in DIN 17 664. 1. This technique involves using a brazing filler metal to join two pieces of copper or copper alloys together. 9 Mil 1997 10-49. 2 Lattice Parameters of Manganese-Copper Alloys. , Ni–Cr) on steel and zinc-based castings. Both alloy classes are strengthened by thermal treatments. The first material to solidify is almost pure copper, as the dendrites continue to solidify they become a mixture of copper and zinc. In fact, one of the major "ages" or stages of human history is named for a copper alloy,. These metals have high conductivity, exceptionally high ductility, low gas permeability, freedom from hydrogen embrittlement and low outgassing in a vacuum. 96 (20°C), with a valence of 1 or 2. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Non-ferrous metals. Alloys can also form if the alloying. 2). An aluminium alloy (or aluminum alloy; see spelling differences) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. Here are the top-ranked copper alloy companies as of November, 2023: 1. Copper alloys like bronze, brass and cupronickel combine many qualities to form new metals. A team led by controversial physicist Avi Loeb is combing the ocean floor off the coast of Papua New Guinea for remnants of two meteors that they believe could actually be alien tech. Abstract. Coppers in the 100 series are called pure coppers. Brush Alloy 25 is the most commonly specified beryllium copper and is available in the wrought forms listed on page 5. Cast Copper Alloy Threaded Fittings: Classes 125 and 250 ISBN: 9780791833834 - Pag:40 This Standard covers cast Class 125 and 250 copper alloy threaded pipe fittings with provisions for substituting wrought copper alloys for plugs, bushings, caps, and couplings in small sized sizes. These other alloys are types with higher silver. Over half of the copper produced is used in electrical and electronic applications. Some of the better known copper nickel alloys include: Copper with 10% nickel; Copper with 30% nickel; Copper with 25% nickel with 0. 35: Brass and bronzes: 0. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. The metal is an essential trace. Some alloying elements affect stress relaxation more than others. It offers high conductivity, good ductivity and strength. C19400), copper-zinc alloy that is commercial bronze (Copper Alloy UNS No. Susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC. , 2015: 232 The density of copper (8. This is reflected in 2024 aluminum’s chemical breakdown, which is nominally 4. Properties of Copper Powder. a group of alloys with the same characteristics in respect of their field of application, behaviour in contact with drinking water and restrictions with regard to water composition and/or surface area. This is an alphabetical list of alloys grouped according to base metal. 100 90The mechanical properties of copper-nickel alloys show a combination of good tensile strength and excellent ductility when annealed. 26 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes. +++ 442 day test at Kure Beach, North Carolina. Placentia, CA Distributor* $1 - 4. The addition of zinc to copper helps to create an incredibly durable. 7 introduces another new DM: hydriding of titanium alloys. High-tin bronzes are known for their strength and corrosion resistance, while low-tin bronzes are known for their. Venn diagrams of seven samples in Yap Trench based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing at a distance of 0. Covers production, consolidation, strengthening, copper in iron and steel P/M parts, and non-structural applications. This article presents a collection of data on approximately 150 copper-based alloys. In fact, copper alloys become stronger and more ductile as the temperature goes down, retaining excellent impact resistance to 20 K (-253 C or -424 F). The color of copper alloy powders is a soft pink, with finished AM parts displaying that classic, copper-color glow. Copper itself is essential for the full wiring harness, alternator and starter motor windings and other motors and actuators. Lake Van, in present-day Armenia, was the most likely source of copper ore for Mesopotamian metalsmiths, who used the metal to produce pots, trays, saucers, and drinking vessels. 01–0. Despite the relatively low antibacterial efficacy of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) compared to pure copper, it is still worth consideration in some scenarios. Various factors can contribute to copper corrosion, including exposure to moisture, oxygen, acids, salts, pollutants, and other corrosive agents. The effect of aging processes on the tensile properties of C-18150 copper alloy samples, made by laser powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing (AM) process with three different fabrication orientations (horizontal, angled, and vertical to the build direction), are investigated. This chapter provides an overview of copper and copper–nickel alloys. Copper alloys. Material Groups. 025 mm/y) or less, and for the copper-nickel alloys on the order of 0. The other key properties exhibited by Copper and its alloys include: ~ Retention of mechanical and electrical properties at cryogenic temperatures. The stock materials used were the following metals: copper, zinc, tin, technically pure lead and preliminary alloys. Li,1 B. Tin offers corrosion protection, preserves solderability, and provides a better contact surface than bare copper metals. The corrosion process typically involves the formation of copper oxide or copper sulfate. Nickel-Copper (Ni-Cu) alloys exhibit simultaneously high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and may show good wear resistance. Copper square bars are available in 12 or 72 in. Aluminum bronze castings are annealed at 620–670 °C. (2) Global service experience data on brake. Bronze is another copper alloy, but with tin. In 1962, a penny's content changed to 95% copper and 5% zinc. The copper grade numbering scheme is broken down below to help and understand copper alloys and the characteristics of each sequence. Copper alloy refers to a group of materials that are formed by combining copper with one or more other elements, such as zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, or silicon. 2 μm. 6 Pipe/Tube 2 REFERENCES A hollow wrought product of uniform cross- The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are section with only one enclosed void along its necessary adjuncts to this standard. The metal-specific migration rates from polished alloy surfaces are higher in gastric (pH 1. The metal is an essential trace. How structure and properties of cast copper alloys depend on consumption and comparative data on applications and relative costs of 13 standard bearing alloys. Copper brazing is a widely used technique for joining copper and copper alloys due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and formability. Copper Alloys. The property of the alloy varies as the zinc percentage changes. coli O157 on copper-based alloys surface at 20 and 4 °C, respectively. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules And Regulations And According To The Hazardous Products Regulation (February 11, 2015). This paper reviews the. 1 This classification establishes temper designations for copper and copper alloys—wrought and cast. The analysis reveals the disc to be made of leaded gunmetal with the following major elements: copper (66. It is a heat-treatable alloy involving zinc with smaller amounts of copper, magnesium, and other elements. 025 mm/y) or less, and for the copper-nickel alloys on the order of 0. Serves as a master alloy to add chrome to various copper alloys. In the wrought structures, the lead is present as discrete particles between the alpha copper grains. Various factors can contribute to copper corrosion, including exposure to moisture, oxygen, acids, salts, pollutants, and other corrosive agents. It has high strength, good toughness, and excellent fatigue resistance. Incipient Melting °F. 61 shipping. Brasses are copper zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc, with possibly small additions of lead for machinability, and tin for strength. process; silver plating of beryllium copper alloys can be more expensive than other copper alloys. Cast alloys are numbered from C80000 through C99999. Modulus of Elasticity in Tension ksi. Copper is a tough, ductile and malleable material. 5. In this research, we choose a beryllium-copper alloy to make the LPF for its outstanding properties of elasticity, fatigue resistance and fracture strength [32]. Malleability Malleability is a measure of a material’s ability to deform below compressive stress. 8 ± 0. g. 3 –Fe 3. Modulus Of Elasticity. Copper beryllium alloys are used for their high strength and good electrical and thermal conductivities. Antimicrobial. 5) than in saliva fluid (pH 7. Columbia Metals stocks copper nickel alloys – generally known as cupronickels – and high copper alloys, which are those that usually contain more than 95% copper with only a small addition of elements such as nickel, silicon. Brass is typically applied more widely. drawn ( seamless ) copper tubes for general engineering purposes. 3. Copper Alloy Supplier Database is originally derived from CDA's Standards Handbook Part 5 - Sources and CABSA. depending on alloy type, water chemistry, contaminants, oxygen content, pH value, microbial activity, temperature, flow rate, duration of exposure etc. The elastic modulus of copper alloys ranges from 16 to 20 million pounds per square inch (about 110 to 138 kMpa). 1 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE-110 ALLOY (25 PACK) $34. In contrast to the red brasses, which are. This section displays photo micrographs of commercially important and/or metallurgically interesting copper and copper alloys and processings. 1. impure copper, binary tin-bronze, brass and quaternary alloys. Moreover, as presented in this Corinthian bronze ( gold, silver) Cunife ( nickel, iron) Cupronickel ( nickel) CuAg ( silver) Cymbal alloys ( tin) Devarda's alloy ( aluminium, zinc) Hepatizon ( gold, silver) Manganin ( manganese, nickel) Melchior ( nickel ); high corrosion resistance, used in marine applications in condenser tubes. Commercial, high-purity copper and three representative copper alloys were selected for the study. It combines the properties of two metals to form an exceptionally strong and durable material suitable for. $14. 5% Mg; and the Hyduminiums, which usually have lower copper contents and in which iron replaces 30me of the nickel. The copper-zinc brasses consist of a series of alloys of copper up to about 40% Zinc. Updated on January 30, 2020. 22): C ≜ Q + V. 13 wt% Zr. 5% zinc and 2. Metallurgy of Copper-Base Alloys. 1. 13mm – 70mm A/F. Optical and scanning electron microscopy studies of corroded specimens with columnar and equiaxed microstructures in 0. Copper Tin. Brown or black can be used as a base color for copper patina. The corrosion behavior of duplex surface treatedAZ31 magnesium alloy was studied. The resistance of brasses to corrosion by aqueous solutions does not change markedly as long as the zinc content does not exceed about 15%. By contrast, the recycling of aluminum requires only 2. The age-hardening behavior is based on the fact that the solubility of Cd, Be, and Cr in Cu decreases with decreasing temperature. In both media, migrations are higher for lead than for other metals. These are the beryllium coppers, silicon bronzes, silicon brass, and copper-nickel alloys. From the point of view of strengthening mechanism there are three categories of copper alloys for connector applications: solid solution-strengthened, dispersion-strengthened and precipitation-hardened. Copper is one of the few metals that finds most widespread use in the pure form, rather than as an alloy. Deep drawing. 8%). 22mm – 3″ square. Master alloys are also referred to as grain refiners, modifiers or. 05% Lead (Pb) and 0. Base metals are more common and more readily extracted than precious metals, which include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. They demonstrated that pure Cu obliterated all E. 03% O2, and less than 50 ppm metallic impurities. 001 mm/y), within those velocities that each alloy can tolerate without damage to the protective corrosion product film. where Q + is the charge on the positively-charged conductor and V is the potential measured from the negative conductor to the positive conductor. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy. An improved performance super high strength copper nickel alloy for use in offshore oil and gas and other marine environments, Tuck, C. 52Chi: P. 2011, com o número de Projeto ABNT NBR 15827. Copper is a major metal and an essential element used by man. Production of Flake Powders. Copper-lead alloys containing about 30% lead are stronger but have less satisfactory surface properties and are usually used with a thin lead-tin overlay. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel. ASTM's analytical chemistry standards are instrumental primarily in chemical analysis of various metals, alloys, and ores. ,”. People need copper in their diets. The test materials (Table 1) included copper alloy mesh stock formed from a 65% copper - 35% zinc alloy (“CAM”), 97% bronze - 3% silicon welded wire mesh (“Bronze”), a stock sheet of 90% copper - 10% nickel (“Sheet”), an expanded mesh (“Mesh”) that was made from the same production run as the 90:10 Cu:Ni sheet, and conventional. And as alloyed in bronze (copper-tin alloy) about 3000 BC, was the first engineering material known to man. The long-term, steady-state corrosion rate for copper and copper alloys, except for Muntz metal, is on the order of 1 mpy (0. See moreWorking and finishing techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so adaptable that they can be used. 5%. ρl = Q + l. B872-19 Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Nickel Alloys Plate, Sheet, and Strip . These alloys are then used to manufacture a variety of products in different industries. There are more than 400 copper alloys, each with a unique combination of properties to suit many applications, manufacturing processes and environments. Forms: 2-20 Ingot. G. Copper has a reddish-metallic coloring that is unique among all the elements. This is particularly true for copper alloys, because of their desirable combination of conductivity, strength, and formability. Electrolysis. 13 Chrome L80, UNS S42000, is a quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel used for corrosion resistance in sweet (CO 2) and mildly sour (H 2 S) environments up to 300°F. Covers production, consolidation, strengthening, copper in iron and steel P/M parts, and non-structural applications. 5 Irradiation Effects in Copper and Copper Alloys 675 4. Additional information is available upon request. Copper Alloys. The single phase alloys have excellent ductility, and are often used in the cold worked condition for better strength. Material Groups. This system provides a six-character code, which can be digits (0) and uppercase letters (X) depending on their position (see tab. IBC's Engineered Materials Division makes the Beralcast ® family of alloys, which can be precision cast and are used in an increasing number of defense,. This occurs when the surface of the metal is exposed to oxygen in an acidic environment. 0 mpy (0. There are almost 400 different copper alloys depending on the commercial product made likes : rods, plates, sheets, strips, tubes, pipes, extrusions, foils, forgings, wires, and castings from foundries. 4 Fatigue and Creep–Fatigue 674 4. We adopted the design strategy of “data collection → alloy factor screening → machine learning modeling → alloy design and property optimization” to rationally and efficiently design the composition of precipitation strengthened copper alloys, as shown in Fig. Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. This article presents a collection of data on approximately 150 copper-based alloys. The high conductivity of copper beryllium alloys offers considerably better conductivity’s (50-60% IACS and 145 BTU/ft·hr·°F, 250 W/m·K) at a moderate strength level of about 120,000 psi (85 kg/mm 2 ). Copper was the first metal to be worked by man, along with gold and meteoritic iron. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates (Table 12. With the aim of obtaining copper alloys with favorable mechanical properties (high strength and high ductility) for various engineering applications, the microstructural characteristics of two conventional copper alloys — an aluminum bronze (AlBC; Cu–Al 9. With better wear resistance than copper and brass, it’s used for bearings, gears, and pump parts. Copper and its alloys are relatively good conductors of electricity and heat. Its formability further makes copper and its alloys easy to rivet, bolt, and crimp. Brass, like copper, is a poor breeding ground for bacteria. , 2. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. Commonly used as downhole tubular components, packers, and other subsurface equipment, it is included in API 5CT as Group 2, Grade L80, Type 13Cr. Significance and Use 4. Photo: A padlock whose main body (the gold part at the bottom) is made of brass, a tough alloy of copper and zinc. Copper alloys containing nickel, which can be subdivided in two groups: the Y alloy type, whose basic composition is 4% Cu, 2% Ni, 1. Figure 2. Activity of Copper in its Alloys with Gold and the Entropy of Cuprous Oxide,” Compt. S. 9 percent copper, and is available in six tempers designated by ASTM B370 as: 060 (soft), H00 (cold rolled), H01 (cold rolled, high yield), H02 (half hard), H03 (three quarter hard), and H04 (hard). The high-copper alloy class therefore comprises alloys that do not belong to one of the other copper alloy classes. Anti-Bacterial – copper compounds have been used as bacteriostatic agents and fungicides, as well as wood preservatives. Hydrometallurgy. Copper-Base Alloy - C18200 (Chromium Cu) 9. com. , National Bureau of Standards, for the. Simply put: 1000 kg = 1 tonne. Copper-beryllium alloys are mainly based on copper with a beryllium addition. C1000), copper-iron alloy (Copper Alloy UNS No. Form. coli. As oxygen molecules react with the metal, they form oxides that cause pits on the surface of the metal. 3% cobalt. Copper zinc alloys are single phase up to about 37% zinc in the wrought condition. The choice of these current alloys is related to the studies. Here are the top-ranked copper alloy companies as of November, 2023: 1. Hiduminium or R. Introduction. The Copper Mariner. Pitting - Pits are discrete sites of corrosion at areas where the protective surface film is damaged or breaks down. Copper Alloys Australia Pty Ltd. The metal-specific migration rates from polished alloy surfaces are higher in gastric (pH 1. As copper has a high solubility for zinc, the alloys are very homogenous. There are inconsistencies in the Ti rich area of the Cu-Ti binary phase diagram, hence the need to find out if Ti2Cu or Ti3Cu is formed, and to identify the type of. Amalgam is a metal alloy of which one of the elements is mercury (Hg). Metals which have a designated minimum copper content of 99. The most common types of CuNi alloys are the 90/10 and. , strip, rod, wire, bar, tube and plate) as cast billet and as casting ingot. 2. 5 Zr (wt-%) and vacuum melting and vacuum centrifugally casting [Citation 16]. Updated on August 21, 2020. The high mechanical strength is achieved by precipitation hardening or age hardening. While this variation is quite a lot less than that for strength and conductivity, it should not be ignored. Figure 3. Yet its conductivity is only 28% that of pure copper. Despite the relatively low antibacterial efficacy of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) compared to pure copper, it is still worth consideration in some scenarios. 4. Metals which have a designated minimum copper content of 99. 2 Fracture Toughness 673 4. 2. The lower the number, the larger the particle size within the solder powder. Copper and copper alloys are rendered brittle and sensitive to hot cracking if excessive amounts of low-melting impurities, notably bismuth and lead, are present. coinage. Bronze - Alloyed with Tin. 887 products. Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. Brass - Alloyed with Zinc. A Copper (Cu) Alloy containing Chromium (Cr) used for their high strength and corrosion resistance. The graphite particle–matrix interface did not show any enhanced susceptibility to corrosion. 20. 13mm – 70mm A/F. High copper alloys which contain a copper content between 99. Alloy C18000, another member of the group, contains nickel,. Copper and copper alloys are one of the major groups of commercial metals. L. What Is Copper Alloy? Copper alloy (copper alloy) is an alloy formed by adding one or more other elements to pure copper as the matrix. As is true for most heat treating operations, precipitation is a function of time and temperature. Pure copper has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Forms: 2-20 Ingot. 001 mm/y), within those velocities that each alloy can tolerate without damage to the protective corrosion product film. 5% copper, this process creates sterling silver. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. High strength and high conductivity (HSHC) Cu alloys are widely used in many fields, such as high-speed electric railway contact wires and integrated circuit lead frames. If the copper-lead alloys do not have sufficient load-carrying capacity, the lead content is reduced, and tin is added to improve the strength.